In this post, I continue going through the famous paper “Functional Programming with Bananas, Lenses, Envelopes and Barbed Wire” by Meijer et al. They show that we can treat recursions as separate higher order functions known as recursion schemes. Each of the four things in the paper title corresponds to…
Strings and Tries; Haskell Versus OCaml
While doing my OCaml MOOC exercise I came across a trie implementation for looking up words. I find that the way OCaml treats strings is very different from the way Haskell does it. It leads to different ways to implement the trie in the two languages. Strings and Tries in …
Eliminating Run Time Errors In OCaml and Haskell
Run Time Versus Compile Time Error Run time errors are those that happen when the program runs, as opposed to compile time errors which happen when the program compiles. In a sense, having compile time errors is no big deal, because the errors guarantee that the ill-defined program won’t be…
Folding Nonempty Lists in OCaml and Haskell
In the last post, I talked about catamorphisms in Haskell. Specifically, the advantages of the foldr1 or foldl1 option in Haskell. Namely, (1) not needing to specify the base case and (2) preserving polymorphisms in all applicable types. In this post, I will show another way to fold nonempty list…
Programming with Bananas in Haskell (Versus OCaml)
In the last post I talked about catamorphisms in OCaml. In this post I compare that with Haskell. We’ll see that Haskell gives you more options when implementing catamorphisms. You don’t need to know Haskell to understand this post, I’ll introduce the required Haskell syntax along the way. Catamorphisms in…
Programming with Bananas in OCaml
By bananas, I mean banana brackets as in the famous paper “Functional Programming with Bananas, Lenses, Envelopes and Barbed Wire” by Meijer et al. In this post I only focus on bananas, also called catamorphisms. Recursion is core to functional programming. Meijer et al. show that we can treat recursions…
Structural Versus Physical Comparsions in OCaml
The comparison operators in OCaml are polymorphic. That is, you can use them for various data types. Because OCaml is a typed language, like any other operator, you have to apply them to the same type. E.g., comparing a float to an int will give you a type error. OCaml…
Lexical Scoping in OCaml
Like many other modern languages, OCaml uses lexical (or static) scoping. That is, in OCaml, when your function includes a name that calls a variable, in the function, that variable has the value when the function is defined. The opposite is dynamic scoping, in which the variable has the value…
Lambda Calculus in OCaml: “fun” and “function”
Lambda is fun! Lambda is certainly fun, but what I mean here is that the λ in lambda calculus is similar to the expression fun in OCaml. Recall that in lambda calculus, we have function expressions and function applications: λx.λy.x+y (*A function expression*) λx.λy.x+y 3 4 (*A function application*) In OCaml,…
Interfacing OCaml with PostgreSQL
In the last post I talked about building an OCaml project using Dune. In this post I continue with a more complex project. The project interfaces OCaml and PostgreSQL (a database system) with Caqti (a third-party library that provides type-safe abstraction for interfacing with databases). I loosely follow this tutorial,…